Suchergebnisse

Проведено аналіз сучасних науково-методичних підходів щодо визначення раціонального складу тактичних груп. Виявлено відсутність рекомендацій щодо створення організаційно-штатної структури військового формування, яке б змогло охопити і виконати визначений специфічний спектр завдань, до виконання яких можуть залучатися не тільки підрозділи Збройних Сил, але і такі, що відносяться до інших силових структур держави. Розроблено рекомендації щодо створення міжвидових тактичних груп, та викладено їх зміст щодо формування раціонального бойового складу, організації управління підрозділами, комплектування озброєнням та військовою технікою, а також щодо підготовки підрозділів, які входять до складу міжвидової тактичної групи. Реалізація розроблених рекомендацій забезпечить можливість підвищення ефективності бойового застосування міжвидових тактичних груп, порівняно з базовими підрозділами. Розроблені рекомендації щодо створення міжвидових тактичних груп можуть бути використані органами військового управління для формування бойового складу міжвидової тактичної групи в залежності від їх реальних бойових можливостей в у мовах сучасних бойових дій, а також при виконані визначеного спектру специфічних завдань. ; Проведен анализ современных научно-методических подходов по определению рационального состава тактиче-ских групп. Выявлено отсутствие рекомендаций по созданию организационно-штатной структуры военного формиро-вания, которое сможет охватить и выполнить определенный специфический спектр задач, к выполнению которых могут привлекаться не только подразделения Вооруженных Сил, но и те, что относятся к другим силовым структу-рам государства. Разработаны рекомендации по созданию межвидовых тактических групп и представлено их содер-жание относительно формования рационального боевого состава, организации управления подразделениями, комплек-тования вооружением и военной техникой, а также относительно подготовки подразделений, которые входят в со-став межвидовой тактической группы. Реализация разработанных рекомендаций обеспечит возможность повышения эффективности боевого применения межвидовых тактических групп, сравнительно с базовыми подразделениями. Раз-работанные рекомендации по созданию межвидовых тактических групп могут быть использованы органами военного управления для формования боевого состава межвидовой тактической группы в зависимости от их реальных боевых возможностей в условиях современных боевых действий, а также при выполнении определенного специфического спектра заданий. ; The analysis of modern scientific and methodological approaches to the definition of a rational composition of tactical groups. It has been revealed that modern methods, by definition of the ratio of forces and means of the parties, are based on the calculation of the combat potential, do not take into account the energy-technical potentials of arms and military equipment, and also do not take into account the bioenergy potentials of the units of these groups. It also revealed the absence of recommenda-tions on the creation of an organizational-staff structure of a military formation that can cover and perform a specific specific range of tasks that can be performed not only by units of the Armed Forces, but also by those belonging to other power structures of the state. Recommendations on the creation of interspecific tactical groups were developed, and their content was presented on the formation of a rational combat composition, the organization of command and control, the acquisition of weapons and military equipment, as well as on the training of units that are part of an interspecific tactical group. In developing the recom-mendations, a methodology was used to determine the composition of an interspecific tactical group based on the calculation of the combat potential, which takes into account the fire, protective, power engineering, and bioenergetic potentials of each unit and weapon of the interspecific tactical group. The definition of a variant of the composition of an interspecific tactical group and recommendations for its creation was carried out taking into account the conditions when maneuvering defense on a broad front, offensive and stabilization actions. The implementation of the developed recommendations will provide an opportunity to increase the effectiveness of the combat use of interspecific tactical groups, in comparison with the basic divisions. Developed recommendations on the creation of interspecific tactical groups can be used by military control bodies to form the combat com-position of an interspecific tactical group, depending on their real fighting capabilities in the context of modern combat opera-tions, as well as when performing a specific range of tasks.

This study examines U.S. affiliates of an international voluntary associa tion (Habitat for Humanity) and the relationship of local board composi tion, membership composition, and community characteristics. Using survey and census data, we were interested in whether characteristics of the local community are important predictors of the types of members recruited and the kinds of persons who emerge as voluntary organization leaders. We found that the characteristics of the local community influ ence composition and the size of membership and boards of directors. Additionally, we found that membership composition is also related to board composition.

The project builds on support to DepEd ARMM through the Australian Aid Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) activity, and further initiatives by the World Bank and partners. Chapter two of this report proceeds with an introduction to ARMM's development context, including the evolution of regional institutions and the basic education system. Chapter three describes the unique ARMM Public Expenditure Management 'syndrome' that contributes to the weaknesses analyzed in this report, and in turn informs its policy recommendations. Chapter four analyzes pub¬lic expenditures for basic education in terms of aggregate spending, expenditure composi¬tion, and specific challenges that the ARMM PEM syndrome poses for budgeting. Chapter five assesses budget execution and frontline delivery aspects of basic education resources, incorporating findings from the facilities survey. Chapter six summarizes the findings on public expenditure management for education in ARMM and derives recommendations both for reforms to ARMM institutions and for consideration by the transition commission and other stakeholders in the preparations for a new Bangsamoro political entity.

This paper examines patterns of household composition in Canada in 1871. A classification of households was developed that differs from the Laslett scheme and emphasizes forms of household complexity. The paper presents the first detailed view of household composition in nineteenth-century Canada as a whole. As expected, the nuclear family predominated, but there were unexpect edly large numbers of households with two or more unrelated families. The analysis focusses on regional and rural-urban differences in household composi tion, as well as variations by occupation, ethnic origin, immigration status, and age. The regional and rural-urban differences were most marked. Life-cycle pat terns were least well defined. Households in urban areas and outside of Ontario were especially complex. Multivariate analysis reveals that no one variable ac counted for the effects of others. An explanation is offered that centers on the relationship between nuclearity and the development of markets in commodities and in labour. Unevenly developed market conditions foster complex uses of the household as a node in networks of aid and exchange.

We use a panel of 21 OECD countries from 1970 to 2009 to investigate the effects of different fiscal adjustment strategies on long-term interest rates - a key fiscal indicator reflecting the costs of government debt service. A government confronted with high deficits and rising debt will sooner or later need to enact fiscal adjustments in order to avoid solvency problems. Over the last four decades, such measures taken by governments in OECD countries have varied in duration, size, composition and in their success to re-establish fiscal sustainability. Control-ling for various economic, fiscal and political factors, we find that the size and the composi-tion of a fiscal adjustment significantly affect interest rates as well as yield spreads. Adjust-ments that are relatively large and those that primarily depend on expenditure cuts lead to substantially lower long-term interest rates. However, periods of fiscal adjustments do not generally have an influence on interest rates, even if they were successful and led to lower deficits and debt levels. Instead, financial markets only seem to value strict and decisive measures - a clear sign that the government's pledge to cut the deficit is credible.

Th e use of information resources is a promising area of activity of state control and accounting bodies. Nowadays an eff ective budget control and analysis of socio-economic development of the region are impossible without special tools to reduce the time spent on data processing. Th e article deals with historical aspects of informatization of the Control and Accounting Chamber of Moscow and examines the formation of its information and analytical system as an example of automation of the activity of the external fi nancial control institu-tion. Th e author analyzes the Chamber's annual reports in 1997–2014. He employs its local acts and other documents refl ecting the process of automation of control practice. Th e study of these documents, as well as federal and Moscow legislation, normative legal acts of the Government and mayor of Moscow, and the Moscow City Duma made it possible to identify the features of the Chamber's informatiza-tion processes from 1994 to 2014, including the main stages in the creation of the Chamber's information and communication technology infrastructure, composi-tion and main functions of the Chamber's information and analytical system as a model for interaction with Moscow public authorities and governmental agen-cies. Previously the issues of the history of the Chamber's informatization had not been specifi cally examined, while a comprehensive picture of the development of new management technologies, which have been introduced in the practice of the executive and legislative authorities of Moscow since the end of the twentieth century, cannot be provided without a special focus on these topics. Consideration of this aspect of development of control and counting functions in the capital of Russia in the post-Soviet period will supplement the currently available knowl-edge about the history of such activity in the past and also will help to identify traditions and innovations in the domestic management practices and thus trace techniques, which are reintroduced in an optimized form at each new stage of development of country and society.

The position of a civil mediator appeared as a result of the necessity to implement the ideas of the Peasant Reform. Initially, the public reacted to the new institution with great interest, the number of people wishing to take up the position of mediator was large. In this regard, it seems significant to identify the circumstances that caused the transformation of the image of the civil mediator. The urgency of the problem is explained by the fact that the figure of the peace arbitrator was the key in the process of implementing the abolition of serfdom in 1861. On the efficiency of these officials depended the result of the transformation that was underway. The public perception of the institution began to change after the resignation of the mediators of the first composi-tion and the entry into office of subsequent officials. This circumstance has become critical in the matter of the decline of the entire institution. Over time, the position of the institution of civil mediators and its reputation rap-idly deteriorated being severely criticized. The institution reached its crisis by the 1870s. Meanwhile, the image of the civil mediator, which was later described by contemporaries, based precisely on the impression left by the first civil mediators, who eventually became an example of service for the benefit of society and the state.

This study aims to realize an analysis of immigration issues and also issues related to remittances. Our focus will be the analysis of these issues in the case of Albanian immigrants from the Korca region. Through the study, we will reveal some of the immigrant's characteristics, the reason for immigration, the benefits that immigration has brought to them, financial and also other benefits. Regarding the remittances, we will see in detail the composi-tion of remittances sent from the immigrants of this region, the reason why they are being sent, their supposed and real usage and other issues. The greatest part of the study is based on the information collected by using a ques-tionnaire, which included the participation of 210 respondents. The analysis conducted revealed that the main part of the respondents had chosen to immigrate for financial reasons, the most part of them had not a high level of education, and what we also revealed was the fact that immigration had improved the employment status of the respondents and had increased their opportunities for career. Regarding the remittances, the study revealed that the main purpose of using remittances was for consumption and moral responsibility was one of the main reasons for sending remittances. In general, the study revealed that immigration has had a great impact on the immigrants' life and also on their families' life.

In studying the processes which bring about changes in the
size and composi¬tion of a population, an appraisal of marriage patterns
is of special significance because the age and rate of marriage
formation relate directly'to changes in popu¬lation composition. In a
society like Pakistan where fertility takes place pre¬dominantly through
the formation of families by marriages, the frequency of mar¬riages at
different ages has direct bearing on the effective length of
reproductive period. Thus, for getting a proper insight into the
demographic phenomena, statistics on marriages are also of great
interest to demographers along with infor¬mation on fertility, mortality
and migration. Studies on frequencies of marriages by age, referred to
in the demographic terminology as nuptiality studies, are rather limited
in demographic literature, particularly in comparison with studies on
fertility and mortality. There are two obvious reasons for relatively
low priority given to this subject in spite of due re¬cognition of its
importance. Firstly, because of the rapid growth of population since the
turn of the century the role of fertility and mortality as direct
determinants of growth patterns has been much more significant. As a
result, the major interest of researchers has remained focused on the
vital events contributing to the natural increase, viz. births and
deaths. Secondly, a regular system of marriage registra¬tion is limited
to a few countries in the world, and in most of the other countries,
such information is either not available or if in some cases it is
available, no regular statistics are compiled out of them. The limited
availability of statistics on in¬cidence of marriage through vital
registration does not imply that information on marriage patterns is not
available from other sources. In fact much work has been done on the
basis of data on age distribution of population by marital status
provided by censuses or surveys.

As a mall country among Georgia's growth factors in future might well be foreign trade. The close cooperation with the EU within the European neighborhood policy centers on improving and facilitating trade between the partners. In 2006 the EU granted Georgia the GSP+ status which allows almost duty free imports of Georgian products in the EU. The extension of these trade preferences is negotiated in the realm of a deep and com-prehensive free trade agreement between the EU and Georgia. A closer look on the trade data reveal that no trade enhancing effect of the GSP+ can be detected. The available trade data are significantly blurred by the inclusion of energy trade from Georgia which is likely only transit trade from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. If these export items and the movements of some raw material prices are removed from the data no export enhancing effect can be found. In addition, in the past the composi-tion of Georgian exports remained highly biased towards raw materials and simple products. Improvements in export came from the export of services, namely tourism and pipe-line transport service. Later is a significant source of income as well as the transfers of Georgian migrants working abroad? The export of pipeline service might increase in future further if envisaged additional pipelines over Georgian soil realize. Since these are mainly built with foreign capital increasing profit repatriation will result in higher capital outflows in future. At the moment the EU negotiates an deep and comprehensive free trade agreement with Georgia which foresees beyond the abolition of tariffs the removal of all types of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) . An important part of trade facilitation would be the adop-tion of EU standards and norms which hinder at the moments Georgian exporters. Al-though the EU is prepared to contribute with financial and technical help the removal of NTBs is costly for Georgian firms. The available studies forecast however significant positive effects from a comprehensive trade liberalization between the partners. Al-though not captured by the mentioned feasibility studies on a comprehensive EU-Georgian trade agreement, the strongest export enhancing effect for Georgia will only come from broadening the existing export basket. To do so best chances for Georgian firms are seen in transit services and the production of parts and components as a sup-plier for multinational firms. The existing range of export goods does not exploit effec-tively the comparative advantages of the country.

The article deals with the collection of artifacts (jewelry, household items) in the form of Christian symbols or with images of Christian symbols obtained during the study of archaeological sites of the Middle Ages in the Euro-pean North-East. All items date back to the 12thand13thcenturies and are kept in the funds of the Museum of Ar-chaeology of the Komi Scientific Center ILLH. The publication defines the typological and chronological composi-tion of the collection of 38 items, and provides analogies with the excavations in the European northeast and other archaeological sites of Russia.The artifacts are of great scientific interest for the study of historical and cultural pro-cesses that took place in the north and north-east of Europe at the beginning of the 2ndmillennium AD.The initial stage of distribution of products with Christian symbols can be divided into two sub-stages: 1. First half of the 12th century. Finds of coin-shaped pendants with the image of a cross. 2. Second half of the 12th–early 14thcentury. Var-ious types of pendants with images of a cross, household items with images of crosses. Wearable crosses and icons appear. The finds of these artifacts indicate the familiarity of the population with the traditions of Christianity. These archaeological finds suggest the spread of Christian ideas to the European North-East at an earlier time –dating back to the 12thand 13thcenturies. The Christianization of the region (as a historical process) begins with the Old Russian colonization at the beginning of the 12thcentury. The finds of objects of Christian worship testify to the familiarity of the population with Christian culture, and indicate contacts with the territory for which this culturewas characteristic. The distribution of the objects with Christian symbols and ideas of Christianity was associated with the inhabitants of large settlements founded by settlers from the territory of Russia.

President Reagan's New Federalism has promised to redistribute the political power within the fcdcral system through a concerted program of deregulation and decentralization. Through such an approach, the Administration holds that intergovernmental policy making will reap the benefits of increased cooperation, efficiency, and effectiveness. This paper examines Reagan's New Federalism in energy policy, finding a continued presence of state‐federal conflict in intergovernmental implementation decisions. This conflict emerges as the President's priorities of deregula‐ tion and decentralization often combat one another. This analysis, then, suggests that New Federalism's emphasis on deregulation, rather than decentralization, carries the greatest weight in explaining the politics on intergovernmental energy policy implementation in the 1980s.

The effects of team development (TD) on organizational functioning were assessed in a field quasi-experiment designed to replicate Eden's (1985) field experiment. The command teams of seven combat companies underwent a three-day TD workshop and were compared to the command teams of nine control companies before and after the TD workshops. Pretest mean similarity established that the experi mental and control companies were equivalent. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the experimental companies significantly improved in teamwork, conflict handling, and informa tion about plans. Inconsistent findings in different studies com paring the effectiveness of TD are discussed in terms of team type and the rigor-confirmation relationship.

Робота присвячена дослідженню впливу нелінійних силових характеристик підвіски на ефективність ведення вогню бойових колісних машин (БКМ), які експлуатуються в складних умовах руху пересіченою місцевістю. Проведено теоретичний аналіз впливу силових параметрів підвіски БКМ на коливання корпусу з встановленим бойовим модулем. Наведено порівняльну таблицю ефективності ведення вогню із встановленого модуля за лінійної та нелінійної силової характеристики системи підресорення. ; Работа посвящена исследованию влияния нелинейных характеристик подвески на эффективность ведения огня БКМ, которые эксплуатируются в сложных условиях движения пересеченной местности. Проведен теоретический анализ влияния параметров подвески БКМ на колебания корпуса БКМ вместе с его боевым модулем. Показана сравнительная таблица эффективности ведения огня из установленного модуля при линейной и нелинейной силовой характеристике системы подрессоривания. ; The paper is devoted to research the impact of non-linear force characteristics of the suspension on shooting efficiency of combat wheeled vehicles which are operated in difficult driving conditions over rugged terrain. Was conducted the theoretical analysis of the impact of parameters of the suspension of combat wheeled vehicles on the oscillations of body along with its combat module. Was made the comparative table of shooting efficiency with installed modules at linear and non-linear force characteristics of spring system.On the basis of the specified physical and the corresponding small-content models of the dynamics of the sprung obtained by in-form mknutomu analytical dependences that describe the impact-tion whole range of external and internal workers mounted on the dynamics of military wheeled vehicles combat unit.